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High blood pressure

High blood pressure is a pathological condition characterized by a long increase in pressure indicators in the arteries of a large circle of blood circulation.A sign of the disease is the rise in diastolic blood pressure (lower), but in most cases diagnosed, patients have persistent growth in systolic pressure (higher).

What pressure is considered

The classification of blood pressure accepted in 1999 is still valid to date.The following elements are considered normal:

  • Optimal - less than 120/80 mm Hg. Art.;
  • Physiological standard - less than 130/85 mm Hg. Art.;
  • Normal increase - in the range of 130–139 / 85–89 mm Hg. Art.

An increase in pressure indicates hypertension formation.The internal gradation of pathology seems as follows:

  1. Soft (i degree) - 140–159 / 90–99 mm Hg. Art.
  2. Moderate (II second degree) - 160–179 / 100–109 mm Hg. Art.
  3. Heavy (III degree) - More than 180/110.

Border cannons are diagnosed in the case of indicators in 140-149 / 90 mm Hg. Art.And below.It is accompanied by episodes of pressure growth and its spontaneous stabilization.

Isolated systolic hypertension is diagnosed with indicators of 140 and upper / 90 and below MM Hg. Art.This type of pathology is characterized by an increase in the systolic indicator at the physiological level of diastolic.

AG classification (primary, secondary)

The classification of hypertension is based on several signs.During systematization, doctors took into account:

  • reasons provoking the development of pathology;
  • defeated by the target organs;
  • The current level of blood pressure, etc.

According to etiological factors, it is usual to distinguish:

  1. Primary (essential).
  2. Secondary hypertension (symptomatic).

By the nature of the passage, high blood pressure (in slowly developing) and malignant (with rapid deterioration of the condition).

Secondary hypertension varieties (symptomatic)

Secondary arterial high blood pressure (symptomatic) is a type of disease that develops due to damage to organs responsible for regulating blood pressure.It is characterized by an obstinate course, the absence of a positive reaction to the hypotensive therapy conducted, as well as by changes in the target organs, in particular, the formation of a heart renal failure, etc.

If primary hypertension (essential format) occurs as an independent disease, secondary forms are always a symptom of the main pathology.High blood pressure syndrome accompanies a fairly large number of diseases.It is diagnosed in 10% of all identified cases of persistent increase in blood pressure.

The classification of symptomatic hypertension is based on factors causing the disease.

Distinguish:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.Development is due to the lesion of the central nervous system and related pathologies, for example, cerebral neoplasia.
  2. Nephrogenic (renal origin).They are divided into interstitial forms, reoparenchymal, renovascular, mixed and Rhinopians.
  3. Endocrine AG.There are adrenal, thyroid, pituitary and menopause formats.
  4. Hemodynamics - caused by pathologies of the heart and large arterial channels.
  5. Dose form.Its development is due to the use of oral contraceptives, glucocorticosteroid agents, etc.

The size and resistance of the increase in blood pressure, the severity of the changes in the state of the ventricle and the left background underlie another classification.Doctors distinguish the following varieties of symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Transient.For pathology, a generally increased increase in pressure indicators.The changes in the state of the bottom of the bottom are completely absent.Hypertrophy of the left ventricle is almost not fixed.
  2. Laby.It is characterized by a moderate and short increase in blood pressure (an independent decrease does not occur).There is a low left ventricular hypertrophy, narrowing the vessels of the retina of the eye.
  3. Stable.It is accompanied by regularly high blood pressure.Myocardial thickening, serious violations in bottom ships is diagnosed.
  4. Clever (uncontrolled).It is accompanied by a strong increase in blood pressure.The result is unfavorable.

We find the following forms of symptomatic hypertension:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (hypertension of a small circle of blood circulation).It is established as a diagnosis when determining blood pressure in the 25 mm pulmonary artery.Rt. Art.
  • The AH vasularsal is a secondary form of pathology due to insufficient blood circulation in the kidneys following an altered arterial flow.
  • Portal hypertension is one of the varieties of the symptomatic form of the disease, accompanied by an increase in pressure inside the door of the door.
  • Hypertension of the Virsungov canal.It develops in the context of the chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Consequences and complications

With long flow hypertension, the vessels of the target organs are damaged: the heart, the brain, the kidneys and the eyes.The violation of the circulatory process can result in consequences such as:

  • angina pector attacks
  • myocardial infarction,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

Important!The formation of acute states in the context of a sharp increase in blood pressure requires its reduction in the first minutes / hours.

Reasons

The reasons for the development of the essential form of pathology are not known for doctors.Several theories are nominated:

  1. Neurogen (heritage).The cause of development is chronic stress, significant emotional shocks and psychological injuries.All this causes a failure in the neural regulation process, accompanied by an increase in the activity of the sympathetic system.The result is the divergence of signals to all organs and an increase in the tone of the walls of ships.
  2. Bulky salt.Due to the altered processes of the excess of excess liquid and certain elements traces.Due to the excessive content of sodium salts, an increase in the total blood volume occurs.The body's attempts to maintain the hemostasis process at the physiological level lead to spasms of small vessels.The meticulous volume indicators of the heart are stabilized, but the total blood pressure is increased.

Important!Doctors argue that the reason for the development of the AH is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic system.

The modified (variable) risk factors capable of causing the occurrence of high blood pressure are:

  • Age - The diagnosis of the disease occurs in people in the higher age category;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol consumption;
  • a state of chronic stress;
  • insufficient physical activity;
  • overweight;
  • The presence of concomitant pathologies - diabetes is particularly unfavorable;
  • Excess salt with lack of potassium.

The reasons for increasing blood pressure can be different.The active work of the adrenal glands, as well as a tendency at the genetic level, can act as a provocative factor.

Symptoms

In the initial stage of training, high blood pressure is asymptomatic.The patient will only learn the presence of a problem after the development of serious complications.

The only sign of pathology can be called an increase in pressure indicators.There is no complaint at all, or they are not specific:

  • Headache located in the front area and the back of the head;
  • dizziness;
  • noise.

The first complaints are formed in the context of the defeat of the target organs.At this stage, the appearance of the following symptoms is noted:

  • Luries, accompanied by headache, noise - occur as a logical result of circulatory disorders;
  • Starting problems with the memorization of information;
  • Hands / leg numbness;
  • weakness;
  • double the visible image;
  • Sparkling black dots in the field of vision;
  • violation of speech (rarely);
  • nephropathy.

Symptoms are typical for final stages.At the start of the training of pathology, they arrive.

With damage to the heart, the left ventricle (LV) begins to hypertrophic.The cause of change is the compensatory reaction of the body, which makes it possible to stabilize increased loads on its wall.An increase in ventricle is due to an increase in the number of cardiomyocytes.As the condition gets worse, the heart rooms are dilated.

Such organ damage can manifest itself in the form:

  • the formation of heart failure,
  • sudden cardiac arrest,
  • ischemic disease,
  • gastric rhythm disorders,
  • Asthma of the heart,
  • Strong shortness of breath during loads.

Important!Carded pain in the context of the GA is developing during the absolute rest period or due to emotional overvoltage.A characteristic is the inability to stop the attack with a glycerol pill.

If the kidneys are damaged, the presence of proteins in the urine can be observed.The appearance of blood impurities is not excluded.The probability of renal failure is minimal.

Urine analysis for high blood pressure

The main clinical sign of high blood pressure is headache.Appears at any time of the day, but most often in the morning.He is felt by the patient as a burst or pain.The location is at the back of the head, but the spread to other areas of the head is not excluded.Pain is improved by tilt and during cough.This can happen in response to stressful situations, physical tension.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of the disease is designed to solve the following problems:

  • Facility of pathology, determination of the current degree;
  • identification of the origin of hypertension (primary / secondary form);
  • perform a differential diagnosis;
  • Determination of the presence / absence of damage to target organs.

During a personal conversation with the patient, the doctor discovers the necessary points:

  1. Are there any diseases in the immediate environment.
  2. How often the pressure is fixed.
  3. Are there any history of chronic diseases in the patient, etc.

The body mass index (BMI) is calculated.Obesity is one of the potential provocateurs in hypertension training.

Once the inspection is complete, the blood pressure is measured.To determine the degree of hypertension, the patient is prescribed by the performance of the blood pressure profile, that is to say perform measurements to patients by themselves at home.It is necessary to make 4 measures: two in the morning and two in the evening, for several days in a row.

The results must be included in the table.If the indicators exceed 140/90 mm Hg. Art., We can speak of the presence of high blood pressure.

Sometimes a brush is prescribed (daily monitoring of blood pressure).The technique is shown if the patient's measures remain normal, but another symptom of the disease occurs.

Important!Smad is multiple measurements of blood pressure indicators for a full day.The measurements are made by a special device.

To establish the real cause of the development of high blood pressure and determine the force of damage to target organs are prescribed:

  • Renal system exam.Includes the study of urine - a general test.A re-trial ultrasound, from the renal system, the renography with the introduction of a radioactive isotope is prescribed.
  • Heart test.The ECG is used (the electrocardiogram shows the growth of the R road), echocardiography (allows you to see signs of a pathological increase in the left ventricle and other transformations).
  • Ophthalmological examination of the eye.A sign of the disease is the visual impregnation of the blood vessels, the sealing.Hemorrhages are not excluded.
  • Ultrasound of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
  • Blood examination is a general test and expanded biochemistry.

When diagnosing the secondary form of hypertension, it is necessary to make differential diagnostics (DIF).She goes into two steps:

  • Analysis of the clinical picture, increasing complaints, a physical examination of the patient in particular, auscultation, instrumental studies / laboratories;
  • Diagnostic measures that allow you to assess the functional condition of the organs and existing modifications, in particular, it is necessary to remove the cardiogram.

The methods considered to be confirmed to confirm the diagnosis, to determine the origin of the disease and to choose adequate treatment to the state.

Treatment

The treatment of hypertension begins with a revision of the lifestyle and treatment not linked to drugs.The exception is secondary hypertension.

The drug treatment of high blood pressure provides for the contribution of the following groups of drugs:

  1. Diuretics.Medicines have a positive effect on the state of the cardiovascular system.Reception is not accompanied by the development of side effects.The therapy of the disease begins with diuretics (contraindication - diabetes and drop).In the context of treatment, the volume of urine eliminated by the kidneys and, therefore, excess water and sodium salts increases.Diuretics are prescribed in combination with another hypertension.
  2. Alpha-blockers.Drugs are distinguished by good tolerance.They do not affect the level of blood sugar.Provide a decrease in blood pressure with a slight increase in pulse (frequency of contraction of heart muscle).The occurrence of orthostatic hypotension at the start of treatment with drugs in this group becomes a side effect.To exclude its development, it is advisable to take medication before bedtime.
  3. Beta-blockers.Reduce the heart rate, which is accompanied by a reduction in blood pressure.
  4. ACE inhibitor.Modern drugs are distinguished by a high therapeutic effect and good tolerance.In the context of taking funds in the patient's body, the form of angiotensin II - a hormone causing a narrowing of the light of the blood vessels does not occur.Thanks to this, peripheral ships develop, the heart works in a quieter pace.There is a decrease in blood pressure indicators.
  5. Angiotensin-II antagonists.Medicines also block angiotensin II.They are appointed if it is impossible to receive ACE inhibitors.
  6. Calcium antagonists.The drugs broaden the gaps of the blood vessels, thus preventing the development of a stroke.Medicines have an excellent therapeutic effect and are well tolerated.Have a small list of contraindications.Most often prescribed as part of complex therapy.

Stop treatment even after stabilization of blood pressure is strictly prohibited.In this case, the disease will start to progress, which will negatively affect the state of the target organs.In addition, the risk of developing a heart attack and brain vascular accidents increases considerably.

The treatment of the disease is carried out on an outpatient: the patient takes independently of the selected drugs.Hospitalization at the hospital is only recommended in serious cases.

The treatment of pathology in addition to taking medication provides a massage.The procedures contribute not only to the reduction of pressure, but also to the overall strengthening of the body, to the improvement of the activity of the cardiovascular system, etc.Find out more about various types of massage in our article: massage with high pressure - classic, point and other effective methods.

Nutrition

Respect for the principles of food nutrition is one of the important steps to stabilize the indicators of blood pressure.With hypertension, diet n ° 10 is recommended.

At the initial stage of the formation of pathology (ah 1 degree), it is necessary to adhere to diet n ° 5. It provides for a restriction in the use of table salt.With a deterioration of the state and the development of violations in the work of the heart and the vascular system, the transition to diet n ° 5 A. is recommended

If the disease is complicated by atherosclerosis, diet n ° 10 C. Hypchocholesterol is prescribed to reduce the fat consumed of animal origin, the carbohydrates easily digestible.The diet should include foods with high dietary fiber, vegetable fats and protein.

The list of authorized products is presented by the following positions:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, whole grain, with sound.Cook without love, pastry.
  • Soups of vegetables seasoned with cereals.
  • Food varieties of meat: poultry, rabbit.It is allowed to boil and cook.
  • Sea / river fish.Sea fruit.
  • Seasonal vegetables.On their part, you can prepare the stew.
  • Small milk products and low fat cottage cheese.Sure cream with low fat content (placed in a dish).
  • Sunbed eggs (no more than 3 pieces per week).
  • Dairy sauces and tomatoes.
  • Croats, pasta.
  • Oil (to add to a finished dish).
  • Fruits / berries (in any form).It can be used for the preparation of compotes, jelly, jelly.
  • Juice, tea with milk, relevance of rosehip.

It must be completely excluded from the diet:

  • Freshly cooked, sdoba, complicated pastries.
  • Favorite broths.
  • Grasse meat.
  • Smoked meats, sausages.
  • Fish (salty / smoked), caviar.
  • Grasse sauces, cheeses, cream.
  • Spring, radish, spinach, horseradish, mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, confectionery, strong tea, coffee.

Salt consumption should be considerably reduced.

High blood pressure salt

Prevention

The prevention of the disease is not specific.Standard recommendations:

  1. Adhere to the principles of food nutrition, excluding or considerably reducing the volume of certain products.Reduce the consumption of animal salt and fat.Cooking, it is advisable not to suck food.It is necessary to abandon the fat / sharp / fried dishes.
  2. Daily physical activity in accordance with the age group.The realization of gymnastics improves human well-being.It is recommended to engage in the race, walking, swimming, visiting the gymnasium, performing breathing exercises.At the start of the lessons, the body should receive a minimum load.It must be increased gradually.
  3. Weight normalization is one of the prerequisites for successful prevention.
  4. It is necessary to learn to control stressful situations, because it is precisely a violation of the work of the central nervous system that doctors call almost the main reason for the development of the disease.Autoutoring, meditation, self -hypnosis helps well.
  5. A complete rejection of bad habits.Smoking and alcohol are also able to cause a pathology.

Physiopathology considers high blood pressure as one of the most serious pathologies, not only a worsening of the patient's quality of life, but capable of causing death.This is why when the increased blood pressure episodes appear, it is necessary to obtain a specialized consultation and, if necessary, to start treatment.